Nmap has been the Internet's favorite port scanner. It's also a great learning tool to investigate on a private network, or learn about various TCP options and how IP networks work. It's fast too! The Author, Fyodor has a book coming out soon too!
The Author clearly has a sense of humor, here's my attempt as a non-root user trying to do a XMAS tree scan (URG,PSH,and FIN TCP options set in the header):

Here's a screen shot of the capture clearly showing that these 3 flags are set:

(I've circled the 0's and 1's that are supposed to look like XMAS tree bulbs blinking)
You can also use a cool GUI (shocking I know) called zenmap , but it'll help you learn more about the command line options of nmap.
More Info:
http://nmap.org/book/
http://nmap.org/
http://www.networkuptime.com/nmap/page3-5.shtml
http://www.freesoft.org/CIE/Course/Section4/8.htm



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